Major General

Major General or Major-General is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of Sergeant Major General. A Major General is a high-ranking officer, normally subordinate to the rank of Lieutenant General and senior to the ranks of Brigadier and Brigadier General. Where relevant, Major General has a NATO code of OF-7, and is considered to be a 2 star rank.^[1]

Insignia

Army

Australian Major General	Austro-Hungarian Army Generalmajor	Belgian Général-major / Generaal-majoor	Canadian Army Major General
Colombian Army Major General	Croatian General bojnik	Estonian Kindralmajor	German Generalmajor
Greek (Υποστράτηγος)	Indian (Major General)	Italian Generale di Divisione (Maggiore Generale)	Lithuanian (Generolas majoras)
Netherlands (Generaal-majoor)	Pakistan Army Major General	Polish (Generał dywizji)	Romanian (General-maior)
Sri Lankan (Major General)	Swedish Generalmajor	U.K. (British) Army Major-General	U.S. Army Major general

Air Force

Canadian Air Force Major General	Denmark	Germany	Greece (Υποπτέραρχος)
Netherlands	Poland	Portugal	Romania
Spain	U.S.

Common anglophone military ranks
Navies	Armies	Air forces
Officers
Admiral of the Fleet	Marshal / Field Marshal	Marshal of the Air Force
Admiral	General	Air Marshal
Commodore	Brigadier	Air Commodore
Captain	Colonel	Group Captain
Commander	Lt. Colonel	Wing Commander
Lieutenant Commander	Major / Commandant	Squadron Leader
Lieutenant	Captain	Flight Lieutenant
Sub-Lieutenant	Lieutenant	Flying Officer
Ensign	2nd Lieutenant	Pilot Officer
Midshipman	Officer Cadet	Officer Cadet
Seamen, soldiers and airmen
Warrant Officer	Sergeant Major	Warrant Officer
Petty Officer	Sergeant	Sergeant
Leading Seaman	Corporal	Corporal
Seaman	Private	Aircraftman

Australia

Austria

In the old Austro-Hungarian Army, the major general was called a Generalmajor.^[2] Today's Austrian Federal Army still uses the same term.

Canada

In the Canadian Forces, the rank of Major-General (MGen) (Major-général or Mgén in French) is an Army or Air Force rank equal to a Rear-Admiral of the Navy. A Major-General is a General Officer, the equivalent of a Naval Flag Officer. A Major-General is senior to a Brigadier-General or Commodore, and junior to a Lieutenant-General or Vice-Admiral.

The rank insignia for a Major-General is two gold maple leaves beneath crossed sword and baton, all surmounted by St. Edward's Crown. It is worn on the shoulder straps of the Service Dress tunic, and on slip-ons on other uniforms. The Service Dress tunic also features a wide strip of gold braid around the cuff. On the visor of the service cap are two rows of gold oak leaves.

Major-Generals are initially addressed as "General" and name, as are all general officers; thereafter by subordinates as "Sir" or "Ma'am" as applicable in English or "mon général" in French. Major-Generals are normally entitled to staff cars.

Estonia

In the Estonian military, the major general rank is called Kindralmajor.

Finland

The Finnish military equivalent is Kenraalimajuri, or Generalmajor in Swedish.

France

In the French military, Major général is not a rank but an appointment conferred on some generals, usually of Général de corps d'armée rank, acting as head of staff of a branch of service. This should not be confused with the chief of staff, who is usually a Général d'armée, and the true commander of each service. The position of major général can be considered the equivalent of a deputy chief of Staff. There are five Major Generals: the Major General of the Armies, head of the General Staff, the Major General of the Army, the Major General of the Navy, the Major General of the Gendarmerie and the Major General of the Air Force.

Historically, the French army had some sergent-majors généraux, also called sergents de bataille, whose task was to prepare the disposition of the army on the field before a battle. These sergents-majors généraux became a new rank, the maréchal de camp (not the same as a Field Marshal, in the French Army from antiquity called a Maréchal de France), which was the equivalent of the rank of major general. However the term of major général was not forgotten and used to describe the appointment of armies chiefs of staff. One well-known French Major général was Marshal Berthier, Major General of Napoléon's Grande armée.

The French equivalent to the rank of Major General is Général de division.

Germany

The German Army and Luftwaffe refer to the rank as Generalmajor. Prior to 1955 the rank of Generalleutnant was used to define a division commander,whereas Genralmajor was a brigade commander. With the remilitarization of Germany in 1955 with West Germany's admission to NATO, Germany adopted the rank structure of the United States with the authority of the 3 lower ranks being moved up one level and the rank of Generalbrigade (Brigadier General) added below them. The rank of Generaloberst was no longer used. The change was likely made to avoid confusion over relative rank in NATO forces. The Nationale Volksarmee of East Germany continued the use Generalmajor (Brigadier General) as the lowest general officer rank until reunification.

Iran

In Imperial Iranian army and air force, the rankings of the above Colonel are respectively Sar-teep (Brigadier General), Sar-Lashgar (Major General), Sepah-Boad (Lieutenant General), and Artesh-Boad (General)

Ireland

In the Irish Defence Forces there are four Major Generals, each Commanding a Brigade. These are the 1st Southern Brigade, 2nd Eastern Brigade, the 4th Western Brigade and the Defence Forces Training Centre (DFTC)

India

Major General in the Indian Army is equivalent to Rear Admiral in the Indian Navy and Air Vice Marshal in the Indian Air Force and is the lowest of the general officer ranks, ranking between Brigadier and Lieutenant General.

Israel

In the Israel Defence Forces, a Major General is called an Aluf and is the second highest rank, only outranked by Rav Aluf (Lieutenant General or General), who is also the Chief of Staff.

Italy

In Italy exists the Army rank of Generale di Divisione. In the army the Generale di Divisione is the commander of a division or as other duties in the various national or international staff, in the Carabinieri or Guardia di Finanza. He/she is usually the commander of the units in a zone of the country.

Korea

In South Korea, the rank of Major General is known as Sojang (Hangul: 소장, Hanja: 少將).

The rank of Sojang is also used in North Korea, where it is the lowest general officer and flag officer rank, equivalent to a one star General and Admiral. The North Korean equivalent to a two star General is Jungjang, which roughly translates as Lieutenant General.

New Zealand

In the New Zealand Army, Major-General is the rank held by the Chief of Army (formerly the Chief of General Staff). The more senior rank of Lieutenant-General is reserved for when an Army officer holds the position of Chief of Defence Force, who commands all New Zealand's armed forces. This position is subject to rotation between the heads of the Air Force, Army, and Navy.

Pakistan

Major General in the Pakistan Army is equivalent to Rear Admiral in the Pakistan Navy and Air Vice Marshal in the Pakistan Air Force and is the lowest of the general officer ranks, ranking between Brigadier and Lieutenant General. The Pakistan Army has two female Major Generals. The longest server is Shahida Malik.

Portugal

The rank of Major-General was reintroduced in the Portuguese Army, Air Force and National Republican Guard in 1999 in place of the former rank of brigadier. It was previously used in the Army, from 1862 to 1864. It is equivalent to Contra-Almirante (Rear-Admiral) in the Portuguese Navy.

Sweden

In Sweden the rank of Generalmajor (Genmj) is used in the Army, the Amphibious Corps and the Air Force. It is the equivalent to Konteramiral (Counter Admiral) in the navy. It is typically held by the Inspector Generals of the three service branches and the head of the Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service.

Turkey

The Turkish Army and Turkish Air Force refer to the rank as Tümgeneral. The Turkish Navy equivalent is Tümamiral. The name is derived from tümen, the Turkish word for a military division (tümen itself is an older Turkish word meaning "10,000"). Thus, linguistically, it is similar to the French equivalent for a Major General, Général de division.

United Kingdom

In the British Army and Royal Marines, Major-General ranks below Lieutenant-General and above Brigadier, and is thus the lowest of the general officer ranks, although always considered equivalent to Major-General in other countries. Divisions are usually commanded by Major-Generals and they also hold a variety of staff positions. The professional head of the Royal Marines currently holds the rank of Major-General.

From 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919, the Royal Air Force maintained the rank of Major-General. It was superseded by the rank of Air Vice-Marshal on the following day.

Major-General is equivalent to Rear Admiral in the Royal Navy and Air Vice-Marshal in the Royal Air Force.

United States

In the United States Army, a major general commands a division of 10,000 to 20,000 soldiers and is capable of fully independent field operation.

Vietnam

In Vietnam, the rank of Major General is known as Thiếu tướng. It is used in the Army and the Air Force. It is the equivalent to Chuẩn Đô đốc (Rear Admiral) in the Navy.

The rank of Thiếu tướng is the lowest general officer and flag officer rank, equivalent to a one star General and Admiral. In the Vietnamese People's Army, a major general commands a corps of 30,000 to 40,000 soldiers and is capable of fully independent field operation.

Fictional references

Major-General Stanley is the "modern major general" from Gilbert and Sullivan's 1879 comic operetta, The Pirates of Penzance. Stanley is a satire of the aristocratic, learned officers in the British Army of the day. He sings the immortal "Major-General's Song" ("I am the very model of a modern major-general, I've information vegetable, animal and mineral...")
In the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1, the commanding officer of Stargate Command from seasons 1 to 7 is Major General George Hammond (played by Don S. Davis). From season 9, the position is taken up by Major General Hank Landry.
Bartholomew Bandy, the air ace from Donald Jack's Bandy Papers series, ends the First World War as a Major General at the age of only 26.
In the anime movie Robotech II: The Sentinels, the lead character, Rick Hunter, holds the rank of Major General.
Con artist Private Harry Frigg, played by Academy Award-winning actor Paul Newman, is promoted overnight to Major General in the 1968 war comedy, The Secret War of Harry Frigg.
The third Judge Advocate General of the show JAG (1995–2005) is a Major General: Major General Gordon "Biff" Cresswell, USMC, portrayed by David Andrews.
The U.S. Army forces sent to occupy Brooklyn, New York in The Siege are commanded by Major General William Deveraux, portrayed by Bruce Willis.

Footnotes

↑ In countries that do not maintain the rank of Brigadier General, including much of Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth, Major General is the lowest of the General Officer ranks. Note, however, if the rank of Brigadier is used, although Brigadiers are not classed as "Generals", they are of equal rank to Brigadier Generals, and are still considered to be a 1 star rank. If neither of the ranks of Brigadier or Brigadier General (or an equivalent rank) are used, the Major General is still considered a 2 star rank (independent of how many stars there actually are in the insignia), and that armed force simply has no 1 star rank.
↑ Bowden & Tarbox, p 24. The authors write that FML (Field-Marshal-Lieutenant) is the same as Lieutenant-General and General-Feldwachtmeister the same as Major-General. But they list no equivalent rank to Brigadier-General. Nevertheless, the page cited is an excellent source of Austro-Hungarian ranks.

References

Boatner, Mark M., III. The Civil War Dictionary. New York: David McKay, 1959. ISBN 0-679-50013-8.
Bowden, Scotty & Tarbox, Charlie. Armies on the Danube 1809. Arlington, TX: Empire Games Press, 1980. OCLC 6649795.
Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 2. New York: Random House, 1986. ISBN 0-394-74621-X.